Ap World Chapter 14 and 15 Outline Essay - 3611 Words

AP World History Test Review: Rise of Islam and East Asia (Chapter 14 and 15) 1. Discuss the following with regards to Islam: A. FOUNDING: Islam was founded by Muhammad when he received word from Allah in a prophecy (or vision). He began life in Mecca where idolatry was a main fact of life but had to flee to Madinah to escape prosecution in what has come to be known as the Hijrah. Islam spread through his family and friends at first but later his companions known as sahabat continued his work by a number of successful conquests which spread Islam to most of the middle east. Islam reached it high point when Muhammad and his army from Madinah conquered Mecca which was later deemed to the the Holy City. B. BELIEFS: 1) Daily prayer†¦show more content†¦Banks were lending money to entrepreneurs and let also served as brokers for investments and exchanged all different currencies. Established sakk- the rook for â€Å"check.† Let merchants deal without using cash. Usually traveled in groups. HVI. AL-ANDALUS: The prosperity of Islamic Spain. Illustrated the far-reaching effects of long distance trade during the Abbasid era. HVII. INFLUENCE OF INDIA ON ISLAMIC THOUGHT: Indian mathematics grabbed the attention of places in the Dar al-Islam. Muslims found it attractive for both educational purposes and accounting. They adopted â€Å"Indian numerals,† which was later called the â€Å"Arab numerals,† since they learned it from the Arabian Muslims. Completely simplified bookkeeping. HVIII. ARCHITECTURE: Mosques in the old days were decorated beautifully with calligraphy and tile. They also had their own kind of domes that they used on the most important buildings. Used minarets. The specific geometric forms decorating the walls (known as Arabesque) represent the infinite. HIX: INFLUENCE OF CHINA ISLAMIC EMPIRE: Persia fell under Islam at an early date, especially after the Abbasid dynasty and the founding of its capital Baghdad. Persian traditions deeply influenced Islamic political and cultural leaders. Persian administrative techniquesShow MoreRelatedOverachievers by Alexandra Robbins1440 Words   |  6 PagesElsy Alfaro Mrs. Brayer Ap English Literature 5 October 2012 The Overachievers, Non-fiction Alexandra Robbins, 2006 Brief Summary and Arrangement: This non-fiction novel is categorized into seventeen clear straightforward parts: chapters one through seventeen. Chapter 1: In the first chapter Robbins introduces the students she followed along with the overachiever culture that has rearranged high schools only purpose into getting students into the most prestigious Colleges and UniversitiesRead MoreAp United States Government And Politics3650 Words   |  15 Pages2015-16 Summer Assignment: AP United States Government and Politics Teacher: Mr. Shpall (MShpall@faculty.ncjhs.org) Mr. Horne (Jeffreyhorne@alumni.usc.edu) Class Website: ncjhs.haikulearning.com Assignment Overview: There are four parts to this assignment. Each part has a specific goal to help you prepare for your AP Government and Politics class in the fall. Assignment #1 will provide you with a plethora of information regarding â€Å"politics† using great anecdotes from Christopher MatthewsRead MoreMicrosoft Word and Final Paper2737 Words   |  11 PagesJunior Theme A major goal of AP English III is to teach students to think about contemporary issues, analyze other people’s opinions about those issues, and express their own ideas in ways that are clear and convincing. Last semester’s work on argumentation gave you some of the basic skills for this. Now you need to refine those skills and focus them on a single contemporary issue that interests you. We’ll use a previous AP essay as a model for your junior theme. Essay 2 on the 2004 exam asked theRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pagesof ­Industrialization, ­1877–1929 This part covers the following chapters in Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition: Chapter ­17 ­ The Busy Hive: Industrial America at Work, 1877–1911 Chapter 18 The Victorians Meet the Modern, 1880–1917 Chapter 19 â€Å"Civilization’s Inferno†: The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880 –1917 Chapter 20 Whose Government? Politics, Populists, and Progressives, 1880 –1917 Chapter 21 An Emerging World Power, 1877–1918 Chapter 22 Wrestling with Modernity, 1918 –1929 PartRead MoreVideo Notes29279 Words   |  118 Pages |Textbook Chapters |Pages | |Operations as a Competitive Weapon at Starwood |1 |21 | |Project Management at the Phoenician |2 |24 | |Nantucket Nectars: ERP |2, 15 |27 | Read MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pages• Chapter 1 Notes - Prehistoric Period o Paleolithic Period Ââ€" Old Stone Age #61607; Old and primitive period #61607; Around 50,000BC #61607; Artwork consisted of cave paintings #61607; Brutal period #61607; Average life expectancy was about 20 years o Neolithic Period Ââ€" New Stone Age #61607; Begins around 9,000BC #61607; Neolithic Revolution • Agriculture o Allows people luxury of staying in one place; stability and performance o Cornerstone of civilization • Domestic Architecture Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 ResourceRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PART 4 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT SocializingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesCHAPTER 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: ââ€"  Identify four major HR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an

Essay On Physical Server - 755 Words

Physical Servers Servers play a fundamental role and are very important part of the Information Technology infrastructure of an organization. Most of the IT activities taking places in an organization such as security, billings and orders are being handled by servers. A server can be defined as a physical computer, device or a program with full dedication in managing the network resources. Irregardless of the type of the server being utilized, a server machine with special hardware specifications is required to perform the demanding tasks. Advanced servers normally utilize RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) as their storage system for data. RAID storage system is consisting of many storage disks which are configured to work as†¦show more content†¦Migration of Data: this type of migration is deployed when the organization wants to change the vendor of their databases, upgrading their databases software or when they are moving their databases to the cloud services. Migration of Applications: this type of migration is basically deployed when the organization is changing or switching to another platform or moving to a different vendor application. The Security Concept (CIA Triad): CIA triad is a typical security model that defines the tree major goals that must be met in ensuring the security of information. According to this model, there are three factors that contribute majorly on the security of information. These factors are confidentiality, integrity and availability. Confidentiality: this entails protecting information from being accessed by the un-authorized parties. Confidentiality ensures that only the authorized parties can be permitted to gain access to certain information. Integrity: this factor ensures that the accuracy of the data remains consistent and the data should not be altered or modified by any un-authorized party. Integrity in CIA triad makes sure that no un-authorized change of the data takes place when storing and transmitting the information. Availability: the availability factors makes sure that the information is available and accessible to the intended party and they can access that information when they want. As part of the securityShow MoreRelatedOperations Management986 Words   |  4 Pagesoutputs, (http://csuponoma.edu/weber). A Firm can either produce or provide a good or a service. A good is a tangible physical product. A good can be moved and delivered, touched, felt, seen, tasted, for example an apple, shoe or digital camera. On the other hand, a service is intangible, which meant that it cannot be touched, seen or felt, for example, MANCOSA MBA programme. This essay will look at Malawi Switch Centre (MALSWITCH) Service Company and Malambe Khathi Khathi good company. MALSWITCH isRead MoreProject : My Capstone Project1003 Words   |  5 PagesJulius Ford Mr.Christian 4th April 2, 2015 Capstone Project Essay My capstone project essay will be reviewing basic networking involving IP addressing, network configurations, hardware and cabling. I will also discuss different type of networks, cables and user software. In my essay I will also discuss the TCI/IP networks which are short terms for trustworthy computing initiative and internet protocol. In order to communicate among computers you need software network operating system and thisRead MorePT2520 Week 4 Essay 4142015678 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ PT1420 WEEK 4 ESSAY Implementing Physical Design Max Haney 4/14/2015 PT Oracle 11G MySQL IBM DB2 Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Operating Systems Supported Runs on Windows, Linux, and Unix operating systems Unix Linux, Windows, OS X, IOS, BSD, Amigos, Symbian, z/OS, IOS, Android Unix Linux, Windows, OSX, IOS Windows Interface Supported API GUI SQL GUI SQL GUI SQL GUI SQL Stored Procedures basic PL/SQL block structure API Remote physical table, STOCK. Transact-SQL Latest StableRead MoreCloud Computing And Ethics And Code Of Professional Conduct1253 Words   |  6 PagesLicklider in sixties (Mohamed 2009). Cloud computing has developed since then and started to server the publics after internet offered a significant bandwidth in the nineties (Mohamed 2009). Cloud computing has been through many different phases and is still rapidly evolving. There is no doubt that the cloud computing brings significant change and influence to the world. It also raises numerous ethical issues. This essay will discuss the ethical issues regarding Cloud computing in line with Australian ComputerRead MorePaypal : Paypal Information System1720 Words   |  7 Pagesfurther analyzed than was done in previous essays. The software and hardware requirements will be discussed in detail over the next few paragraphs. The complexity of the PayPal information system is something that can be looked over by many users. It is something that has been around for many years and continues to evolve into something even bigger each year. Server-Side Hardware Requirements The PayPal information system is one of the largest server farms to ever be created to host the large amountsRead MoreJst Any1257 Words   |  6 Pages5 Hours Total Number of Questions: 25 Total Number of Pages (incl. this page): 9 DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. 2. Total marks: 100 Answer ALL questions from parts 1 and 2. Part 1 contains 20 questions for a total of 20 points. Part 2 contains 4 essay questions for a total of 60 points. Part 3 contains a short case study and is worth 20 points. This exam is worth 25% of your final grade for COM 110. 3. LAPTOPS/BOOKS/NOTES ARE NOT ALLOWED THIS EXAM PAPER MUST NOT BE REMOVED Page 1 of 9 Read MoreLong Term Effects of Alchool818 Words   |  4 PagesKeith McGrenaghan 12th Grade Alcohol essay The Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Use Alcohol is primarily absorbed through the stomach and the small intestines. It is considered a food because it has calories, but does not need to be digested and proceeds directly into the body through the digestive system. After ingestion it is carried through the blood stream and crosses the bloodÂâ€"brain barrier, at which time impairment begins. A greater amount of ingestion causes greater impairment to theRead MoreHow Technology Has Continuously Improved Computer Hardware Devices1432 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork and is sent to the destination user who will have a â€Å"decipher† key that will enable them to open the message (Entrust, n.d.). There is more to this process, but because it is not a hardware device this will need to be discussed in another essay. Now, data is not always sent and is required to be stored on the computer for a certain amount of time, but sometimes there is not enough storage capacity to hold allow the data. There external hardware devices use d more often than not to either freeRead MoreImpact Of The Migration Of The Excising Server And Client Operating System1671 Words   |  7 Pagesmigration of the excising server and client operating system to the cloud platform 3 Best practice approach for successful system migration 5 Before migration 5 During migration 6 After migration 6 Migrating user account from one user database 7 Conclusion 7 Reference 8 Summary Cloud computing turning out to be all the more broadly used, it is essential for associations to comprehend approaches to expand advantages and minimize dangers of a move to the cloud. The theme of this essay is to discuss aboutRead MoreRegulation on Cloud to Protect User Privacy1700 Words   |  7 PagesRegulation on Cloud to Protect User Privacy This essay writes about regulation that rules cloud provider to protect privacy of data citizens within country. First of all, this essay will describe about what cloud services that used nowadays, its wide range of services, and users motivation why they would use cloud services. In the second section, it will explain more about the security threat of cloud services and going more specific into privacy issue. The next section, I will discuss about the

4 Step Process free essay sample

Step 1 aâ‚ ¬ Identify the area of law This four step process refers to liabilities of an agent. The case involves an agent called Tim Jones who represents an anonymous seller of chocolate products. Tim arranges a contract with ABC Foods Pty Ltd for the supply of chocolates to the various shops of ABC. Tim fails to notify his principle of the contract hence the supply of chocolates is never produced. ABC is trying to sue Tim for non-performance under the terms of the contract. This process will advise Tim of his position and the options he may have. Step 2 aâ‚ ¬ Explain the law John D Maltas (2008, 18) describes agency in a legal sense as a relationship which exists between two parties whereby one (the agent) is authorised by the other (the principle) to do, on his/her behalf. The agent receives an extension or grant of the contractual powers of the principal. The principle would then determine the limits of the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s authority. Many business matters are conducted through the instrumentality of an agent. An agent is usually employed to bring about a contractual relationship between the principal and a third party. A Principle will be bound by what the agent does on the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behalf provided that the agent has acted within the scope of his/her authority. An agency relationship can be created in one of four ways. Express agreement, implied agreement, operation of law and ratification. Express agreement is a contract, oral or written which contains the intentions of the involved parties in words. Implied agreement can be effective in two situations; if actual authority implies it or if it is implied via estoppel. In the case Australia and New Zealand Bank Ltd v Ateliers de Constructions Electrocutes de Charleroi [1967] 1 AC 86 held that an agent duly appointed to act for the principal in certain business dealings, had actual implied authority to open a bank account to give effect to the businesses arrangements. Estoppel is to remedy injustice that would flow if one person who represented something to another were able to withdraw from that representation with immunity. Operation of law occurs when in situations of emergency, presumed authority to act as an agent. Ratification is when a principle agrees with an unauthorised act done on his/her behalf by an agent. The nature and scope of agents authority is broken into two parts; actual authority and apparent authority. Actual authority can either be expressed verbally and or in writing or it can be implied. An example of expressed actual authority would be when a principle ives an agent a specific instruction to enter into a contract to purchase a particular piece of land at a given price, or to sell a specific item under the principles name. Implied actual authority usually permits an agent to do everything necessary for, and ordinarily incidental to, carrying out his/her express authority. The apparent or ostensible authority is the authority of the agent as it appears from a 3rd party. If an agent is acting outside of their actual authority the agent will be held liable to the principal. When an agent discloses the name of the principal, the contract is deemed to be that of the principal, and the agent is not liable on the contract except where: the agent contracts outside the scope of his/her actual or apparent authority in which case he/she will be liable for damages for a breach of warranty of authority or if the agent agrees he/she is liable. The agent is also liable if he/she contracts by deed in their own name or if the principal is nonexistent. When the agent signs a bill of exchange or written contract in his/her name without identifying him/her as an agent, then he/she will be personally liable on the bill of exchange or contract. As stated in John D Maltas (2008, 45) the general rule is that where an agent discloses the fact that a principal exists but the name of the principal has not been disclosed, the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability is the same as where the name has been disclosed. If the third party contracts knowing there is a principal but does not ascertain the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name, the third party cannot sue the agent. In other words the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability is the same provided he/she contracts as an agent whether or not the principals name is disclosed or not. Where an agent contracts in his/her name without disclosing the existence of an agency contract, the agent becomes personally liable on the contract. An agent is under a duty not to exceed the scope of his/her authority. So long as this is not done an agent will not be personally liable to persons with whom he/she deals. Where the agent either expressly or impliedly represents that he/she has authority to enter into a particular transaction and a third party relies upon such representation, the agent is taken to have warranted that such representation is true. In the case of such a warranty being untrue, the agent is liable in damages for breach of warranty. However a principal is liable for the tortuous acts of his/her agent where these have been committed within the scope of the actual or apparent authority under the agency. A principal will not be liable for n agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fraud where the agent was not authorised to do the act or where the act was not within the class of acts that an agent was usually authorised to do. In order to escape liability the principal must show that he/she did nothing to represent that the agent had authority to do the act. The general position with reference to liability to the principal is that an agent is an intermediary who is employed to negotiate a transac tion(s) on behalf of a principal with another party in order to affect a contact between them. Generally the agent incurs no liability against the principal with regard to the contract. Where an agent, however, disobeys the instructions of the principal, such an agent will be liable for any losses suffered by the principal as a result of breach of the agency agreement. There are a few primary factors in which the agent must obey to prevent acting outside of the agency agreement. These factors are; to follow the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s instructions, to act in good faith, to make full disclosure of any personal interest, to not make a secret profit and to exercise reasonable skill and care. If any one of these duties of an agent is broken, the agent will likely become liable for damages caused. When following the principals instructions, every agent must act in person and apart from the express or implied authority of the principal, an agent has no authority to delegate his/her duties as an agent to another. This is to ensure that the principal may rely upon the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skill or knowledge to be used on his/her behalf. An agent must also act in good faith, which means the agent has a duty to make a full disclosure of any personal interest and not make a secret profit in any agency deals. The agent and principal share a fiduciary relationship and there are obligations of trust and confidence which imposes on a person in circumstances where that person, the fiduciary, is bound to act for the benefit of another, the principal. The agent is under a duty in all cases to act in the interests of the principal and must not allow his/her own interests to conflict with those of the principal. An agent must make full disclosure all the material circumstances of what he/she is aware of, which might influence the principal when entering in to any material negotiation. An agent who is employed for remuneration is presumed to have and is bound to exercise such skill, care and diligence in the performance of the undertaking on behalf of the principal. Where a person asks an insurance agent to obtain insurance and the agent agrees to do so, the agent assumes a duty to exercise the reasonable degree of care and skill appertaining to the insurance industry. If the agent fails to exercise the requisite care and skill in carrying out the terms of the contract of agency, then the agent will be liable to the principal for the loss sustained by the latter as a result of the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s breach of duty. Step 3 aâ‚ ¬ Apply the law In the Tim Jones vs. ABC Foods Pty Ltd case, the information provided establishes an agency relationship exists between Tim Jones as agent for Henry Phillips, a supplier of chocolate products. This establishes that Tim has been authorised by Henry (the principle) to do the selling of goods, on his behalf. Tim received an extension of the contractual powers of Henry (the principal), in his capacity as agent. It appears that Tim Jones was working lawfully to bring about a contractual relationship between the principal (Henry) and a third party (ABC Foods Pty Ltd). There has not been enough information provided to establish the exact details of the creation of the agency relationship, but clearly tim was working under authority of an express or implied agreement. An express agreement is a contract, oral or written which contains the intentions of the involved parties in words. Implied actual authority usually permits an agent to do everything necessary for, and ordinarily incidental to, carrying out his/her express authority. If an agent is acting outside of their apparent authority the agent may be held liable. The apparent or ostensible authority is the authority of the agent as it appears to a 3rd party. Tim was working within the nature and the scope of his actual and apparent authority. Henry allowed Tim to be the agent for the selling of chocolate products. Tim has demonstrated that he has acted within his apparent powers of his agency agreement. Tim disclosed the presence of an anonymous principal (Henry) hence the contract is deemed to be that of the principal, and the agent is not liable on the contract. However if Tim is proven to operate in a manner outside of the scope of his apparent authority, he will be liable for damages for a breach of warranty of authority. Tim has abided by all of the apparent authority requirements. The general rule states, it was fine for Tim to disclose the fact that a principal exists even if he decided to remain anonymous, the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability is the same as if the name had been disclosed. If the third party contracts knowing there is a principal but does not ascertain the principalaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name, ABC Foods Pty Ltd cannot sue Tim on those grounds. In other words Timaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability is the same provided he contracts as an agent whether or not Henryaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name is disclosed or not. Generally Tim would incur no liability against the principal with regard to the contract. However, if it can be proven that Tim disobeyed the instructions of the principal, Tim will be liable for any losses suffered by the principal as a result of breach of the agency agreement. Tim must prove that he has acted in good faith, made full disclosure of personal interest, not made any secret profits and that he has exercised reasonable skill and care. Tim followed the principals instructions, every agent must act in person and apart from the express or implied authority of the principal, Tim has no authority to delegate his/her duties as an agent to another. This is to ensure that Henry can rely upon Timaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skill or knowledge to be used on his behalf. With the information provided, it can only be assumed that Tim acted in good faith as there did not appear to be any personal benefit for the agent and the contract organised was in the best interest of his principal (Henry). Not enough information is given to make an assumption as to wether any of the money was taken as a secret profit but it could easily be reconciled. Tim had a duty to make full disclosure to Henry of all the material circumstances of what he was aware of. Tim not informing Henry of the number of chocolates ABC required demonstrates a breach of full disclosure. If Tim wanted to remove his liability he would have to prove that he acted bona fide and also that he made a full disclosure of all the material facts. An agent who is employed for remuneration is presumed to have and is bound to exercise such skill, care and diligence in the performance of the undertaking on behalf of the principal. Failing to inform Henry of the contract with ABC Foods Pty Ltd demonstrates a lack of skill and care in the performance of his work. When Henry asked Tim to be his chocolate agent and when Tim agreed, Tim assumed a duty to exercise the reasonable degree of care and skill appertaining to the chocolate industry. Tim failed to exercise the requisite care and skill in carrying out the terms of the contract of agency. Tim will be liable to the principal for the loss sustained by the chocolate supplier as a result of the agentaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s breach of duty. In the case Aliotta v Broadmeadows Bus Services Ltd (1988) A. T. P. R. 40-873 the defendantaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agent, during negotiations of a sale of property did not tell the 3rd party that parts of the lease were subject to council approval. The court held that his was misleading conduct as the agent had a duty to disclose all material information. The case is very similar to the one Tim is facing in the way Tim withheld vital information that affected the contract of goods. Step 4 aâ‚ ¬ Conclusion In conclusion Tim will not be liable to the third party as he demonstrated he acted within his apparent authority and he disclosed the presence of his anonymous principal. However! Tim will be held liable for the damages caused to his principal (Henry) because he did not act within his duties as Henryaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agent due to misleading conduct and not disclosing all material information.

Net Present Value and Papa Geo free essay sample

The restaurant would be located in Orlando, Florida and would majorly target middle to lower-middle class families with children, as well as adults and seniors, thus making it a friendly and family place. The major product and service provided by the restaurant would be Italian food served buffet style with an all-you-can-eat format with a lot of variety including a salad bar, pizza, several different types of pasta with three or four types of sauces, soup, desserts, and a self-serve soda bar. There would also be a gaming area within the restaurant with gaming machines installed which would be of interest to children. The business would provide wholesome and fresh food, in a simple format, with very good prices and is located in a densely populated area, all of which would help the restaurant to do well and establish itself as a popular and profitable business. * * * Also, provide a second paragraph which describes how the budget supports the company’s strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Present Value and Papa Geo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * * Finally, provide a third paragraph where you summarize the key points from your budget, including the planning horizon, the amount of up-front investment, the NPV, Payback and IRR of the project, as well as key figures from your income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. * Remember, this is not a thesis or introduction of what you will talk about – it contains the major, specific content of each section. The second and third paragraph should be written after you have completed all other sections of this template. * * As you complete sections of this template, please remove all italicized text in all sections of this template and replace it with your own or you will lose points! * * 2. 0 Sales Forecast 2. 0 Sales Forecast * * This section forecasts the sales of Papa Geo’s restaurant over a five-year period. Section 2. 1 gives the estimated sales figures and a brief explanation on the changes in these figures over the planning period. * Section 2. 2 delves into the details of how this sales estimate has been arrived at, calculations involved and the methods and assumptions used in the process. * Overall, this section is useful is providing an estimate of how much the restaurant can make in sales, given its internal specifics and external environment. * 2. 1 Sales Forecast * * The yearly sales forecast for Papa Geo’s restaurant is given below. In $ | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Sales | 933,504. 00 | 1,555,840. 00 | 1,616,517. 76 | 1,679,561. 95 | 1,745,064. 87 | * My methods and assumptions for arriving at the sales figures in the table are detailed in section 2. 2 The sales figure estimated per my calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived at from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to realize its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself. Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * 2. 2 Methods and Assumptions * According to the brief given on Papa Geo’s restaurant, there are about 10,000 families living within 15 minutes of the restaurant. Of these, between 3% and 5% are rich households (Phoenix marketing international, Wikipedia) and it is assumed that another 15% comprise of high income and upper middle class households. That leaves about 80% of the 10000 families in the area,that are the target market for the restaurant. * * According to a research paper (in restaurant. org), American families eat out about 4 times a week. However, considering that our target market comprises of mostly middle and lower income families, I’ve assumed that they eat out only about 2 times a week on an average. This means that, about 16000 families [(80%*10,000)*2] eat out in a week in that area in Ohio, Florida. * * In terms of competition, although it is mentioned that McDonalds, Taco Bell and Wendy’s operate in the area, we assume there are other small places that people might visit to eat out. Also, people might venture out beyond their areas to eat out. Keeping these in mind, we’ve assumed that these four places (Papa Geo’s, McDonald’s, Taco Bell and Wendy’s) will be able to capture only about 85% of these families. (16000*85%=13600/week). Of these four places, since the others are fast food and fast food restaurants generally command a larger footfall than other format restaurants we assume the following about their share in the pie of families: Taco Bell: 30%, McDonald’s: 30%, Wendy’s: 30% and Papa Geo’s: 10% * * i. e, Papa Geo’s can expect to capture 1360 (10%*13600) families per week. Since this is a family dining place, we make another assumption about the composition of the family. We assume that out of a family of 4, two are kids and two adults. Which means that about 2720 (1360*2) kids and 2720 adults (1360*2) will eat from Papa Geo’s per week. * * Given that a meal (including drinks) cost about $7, we make the following assumptions: * Adults visiting the restaurant will have meals (@ $7), on an average. * Kids visiting the restaurants with their families will make a bill of about $4 per head. Given this, we now estimate the weekly sales for adults and kids. Therefore, d * Sales from Adults per week: 2720*7 = 19040 * Sales from Kids per week: 2720*4 = 10880 * * Now, the total sales (both adults and kids, as part of families) per week can be estimated at: 19040+10880 = $29920 * Therefore, average sales per year = 1,555,840 * The sales figure estimated by these calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived a t from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to realize its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself. Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales, and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3. Capital Expenditure Budget 3. 0 Capital Expenditure Budget * * Capital Expenditure Budget: * Item| Cost| Quantity| Total cost| Source| Notes and Assumptions| Cost of registering a business| 300| | 300| ehow. com| Cost of registering includes: actual cost of registering ($70), legal fees and misc expenses (approx $230)| Renovation of facility| 15000| 1| 15000| Given| This includes all kinds of beautification etc that the restaurant needs to start operations| Soda fountain ba r| 3621| 1| 3621| Soda-dispenser. om| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| 2 pizza ovens| 849| 2| 1698| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| salad and Pizza/dessert bar| 1450| 1| 1450| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Commercial Refrigerator| 3529| 1| 3529| Coldtechcommercial. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Cash Register| 170| 2| 340| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Video game vending machine| | | | | | Type 1| 550| 2| 1100| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Type 2| 750| 2| 1500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Laptop for management| 275| 1| 275| ebay| Laptop purchased with Warranty, Price quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| desk for mgmt| 25| 1| 25| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff Microwave| 319| 1| 319| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff cupboard| 100| 1| 100| Assumed| | taff refriferator| 700| 1| 700| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Tables for the restaurant| 279| 20| 5580| tableschairsbarstools. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Chairs for the restaurant| 55| 80| 4400| restaurant-services. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Busing cart for restaurant| 50| 1| 50| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Commercial dishwasher| 2500| 1| 2500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Restaurant signage| 124| 1| 124| brightledsigns. om| Although this is a form of advertising, this wouldnt be considered as an operating cost given the long term (more than a year) nature of its use| Total| Â  | Â  | 42611| | | * * The above table provides an estimate of the capital budget required for Papa Geo’s restaurant. For each item, sources and assumptions used are explained towards the right side of the table. Other generic assumptions beyond those already mentioned are provided below: * Miscellaneous cooking and handling equipment cost will be considered operational expenses and will not be capitalized given the short term (less than a year) use of such assets.

Designing a shopping centre food court outlet

Designing a shopping centre food court outlet Food court is a common area within a building, facility or a premise situated adjacent to counters consisting of a number of vendors located at food stalls from where customers orders their food (Milshtein, 1999, p.12). The meals are ordered from any of the vendors after which the ordered samples are taken to a common dining area for the respective customers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Designing a shopping centre food court outlet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The food court outlet serves as a very important icon as it offers different samples of fast food to the customers located in a locality. The availability of diverse samples allows the customers to sample their different favorite food stuffs and eat them in the same area. Some food court outlets have a variety of food stuffs they offer to customers while others offers a limited range of food stuffs. In addition, there is other food court which offers s ame commodity throughout to the customers. They only offer a specific product to their customers (Beach, 2000, p.22-23). This is the case with the food court outlet in question. The court is scheduled to specialize with dishes made from potatoes only. The design therefore will capitalize on fried potatoes a variety widely preferred than the baked or boiled potatoes. The design itself The food court outlet will specialize with the sale of fried potatoes, a fast food which is immensely purchased by the customers from the area. This is notable from the idea that, kiosk sellers are currently experiencing an explosion sale of similar commodities the court is planning to start. The design should be charismatically planned to cater for all the customers’ needs (Johnson, 1997.p32). The size The size of the food court outlet should be 50 square meters. This is a very economical space as it will accommodate all the customers from the locality. In addition, the space will not only accom modate the customers but also the equipments and the employees of the food court as well as catering for future expansion. Indeed, according to the buying power of the customers and the quest for other products, the court will expand in future. Planning the physical space Function For a food court outlet to be successful and work without confines and distractions, the physical space should be an issue of consideration. This concerns the functionality of the food court outlet. According to the Food and Beverages Management the customers are described to see many things within an hour than the management can see within a period of one year (Food Beverage Management, 2010, para. 2). Therefore, the management should plan the physical space in a manner that is appealing to the customers. The food court outlet should be created with a focused mind particularly focusing on the creation of value. According to Food and Beverage Management, value creation process is necessary as it determine s the success of the court.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Selection of a good location is a vital aspect when setting up a food court outlet. The location determines who will be the potential customers of the court. To take advantage, the food court outlet should be located in buildings in which huge businesses are located like it is the case with the food court outlet being designed. Form Also in planning the physical space, making the outlet to look good should be encouraged. The physical form should be designed in a way that will attract a huge crowd of customers. This makes the customers to admire the place thus desiring to buy from there. Food court outlets should not be fully covered as the covered outlets are not attractive to the customers. Interestingly, the food court outlet being designed is for the sale of potato products in which customers regard ta king their stuffs from an open location in order to have a good and wide view of the vicinity (Viet, 2002, p. 3). Many leading world food court outlets operate in an open location allowing the customers a wide view of the environment. This makes the customers flock in them due to the comfort they experience from there. The menu Menu is a vital aspect in every food court outlet as it displays all the type of stuffs offered and their respective prices (Olive Gardens, 2010, p.1). The food court outlet will be offering products made from potatoes. Commonly, fried potatoes will be the principal food stuff offered by this food court outlet. The stuff properly suits the customers in this vicinity and therefore the menu must be properly programmed for. The menu should address specifications of all classes of the customers in the vicinity. According to this locality, the customers are categorically ranging from children to adults, high class and the middle class earners among others. Consequ ently, the menu should be drafted to cater for all these and should look as follows;- Specials†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Lunch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Designing a shopping centre food court outlet specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Beverages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Wines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Kids†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Dessert†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Nutrition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Despite catering for the diverse classes of customers and their respective specifications, the menu should focus on the take away and take in customers . Ultimately, all the customers will be accommodated in the menu of the food court outlet.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The plan Below are examples of plans of food courts designed to serve diverse customers. The food court outlet should be spacious enough to prevent any congestion that may arise in the future. Also, the plan should allow logical arrangements to avoid mixing the serving area with the cooking area which can cause inconveniencies. Figure of sketch plan of food court The kitchen Kitchen is something which is a must in every food court. The kitchen should be located in a location where it will not disrupt the comfort of the customers while taking their foods. In addition, basing on the diverse customers of this food court outlet, it is very important to have different equipments for different customer requirements (Heinemann, 1998, p.392). The menu is covering items such as the special fried potatoes consumed by high class customers, for dinner, lunch among others which requires different equipments for preparation and cooking. The kitchen should be fully equipped with these items to e nsure convenient. Storage area The food court will be dealing with many and huge items on daily basis and to avoid shortages, there will be a responsible person in charge of checking the level of stock left. It is embarrassing for this kind of a court outlet getting short of a commodity that is in high demand. In addition, some items are perishable thereby posing danger to the firm if not properly stored (Urban Land Institute, 1999, p.179). To avoid instances of damage, a refrigerator will be purchased and located at a remote location to serve all the needs of the perishable items. The serving area This place should be clean and well planned for. A wide table should be erected at a strategic position particularly at the centre or at a corner to support a maximum number of customers to their best satisfaction. Customer satisfaction is the drive for many successful food court outlets. Therefore, when the customers are served with their respective orders, there should be a place from w here to take their foods from. This should be equipped with comfortable chairs and tables sufficient to support the number of customers in the court. Competition Having considered all the above, it is important to gauge the competition from the competitors. Competition is a threat to new businesses which are trying to put their heads in the market (Heinemann, 2005, p.3). At this stage, the prices of the respective items to be sold are priced correspondingly in the menu. Price is a best weapon in any competitive environment. To run away from the competition and attract a huge number of customers, the price will be set slightly below the market price. This strategy will compel many customers to leave their old sellers to join this new court. In addition, the range of items in the menu plays a very important role when it comes to attracting customers. The contents in the menu should harmoniously fit the daily demand as well as the diverse customers in the market. The food court outlet could in the near future add more items in the menu as the only way of outdoing the competitors. This will also lock the kiosk sellers from the business forcing them to surrender the competition. Evaluation This should be done before the food court outlet starts its operations to ensure all areas are vividly addressed. The evaluation should be highly recommended at the critical areas as these are the areas that create the foundation for a successful enterprise. Also, evaluation of concepts is very important. From this evaluation, it is possible to tell whether the concept will work well as well as fit harmoniously with the tenants. In addition, the appearance of the food court outlet is also essential for evaluation. Once the business is fully established, it will be imperative to evaluate whether the menu is delivering. Evaluating at this stage is vital because, the weaknesses are established before it is too late and addressed accordingly. Reference List Beach, G. 2000. High schoo l food courts: a new evolution in students dining. School planning and management. Vol. 39, issue 8, pp.22-23. Food Beverage Management. 2010. Critical success failure factors in food court design and food court management. Web. Available at:  https://scribd.com/presentation/6611922/Critical-Success-26-Failure-Factors-in-Food-Court-Design-26-Management . Heinemann, B. 1998. Food and beverage management. Manchester: Bernard Davis. Heinemann, B. 2005. Strategic operations management. California: Steve Brown. Johnson, F. 1997. Selected and current works; master architect series III. New York, America: Images Publishing. Milshtein, A. 1999. Bye bye cafeteria-hello restaurant-style dining. Stamford University: Amy College Planning and Management. Olive Gardens. 2010. When you’re here, you’re family.Web. Web. Urban Land Institute. 1999. Shopping center development handbook. Urban Land Institute: Michael D. Beyard. Viet, N. 2002. The integration of the suburban shopping c entre with its surroundings. Redmond: University of Washington.

Timeline and Definition of the Nazca Civilization

Timeline and Definition of the Nazca Civilization The Nasca (sometimes spelled Nazca outside of archaeological texts) Early Intermediate Period [EIP] civilization was located in the Nazca region as defined by the Ica and Grande river drainages, on the southern coast of Peru between about AD 1-750. Chronology The following dates are from Unkel et al. (2012). All dates are calibrated radiocarbon dates. Late Nasca AD 440-640Middle Nasca AD 300-440Early Nasca AD 80-300Initial Nasca   260 BC-80 ADLate Paracas 300 BC-100 Scholars perceive the Nasca as arising out of the Paracas culture, rather than an in-migration of people from another place. The early Nasca culture arose as a loosely-affiliated group of rural villages with self-sufficient subsistence based on corn agriculture. The villages had a distinctive art style, specific rituals, and burial customs. Cahuachi, an important Nasca ceremonial center, was built and became a focus of feasting and ceremonial activities. The Middle Nasca period saw many changes, perhaps brought about by a long drought. Settlement patterns and subsistence and irrigation practices changed, and Cahuachi became less important. By this time, the Nasca were a loose confederacy of chiefdomsnot with a centralized government, but rather autonomous settlements that regularly convened for rituals. By the Late Nasca period, increasing social complexity and warfare led to the movement of people away from the rural farmsteads and into a few larger sites. Culture The Nasca are known for their elaborate textile and ceramic art, including an elaborate mortuary ritual associated with warfare and the taking of trophy heads. More than 150 trophy heads have been identified at Nazca sites, and there are examples of burials of headless bodies, and burials of grave goods without human remains. Gold metallurgy in early Nasca times is comparable to Paracas culture: consisting of low-tech cold-hammered art objects. Some slag sites from copper smelting and other evidence suggest that by the late phase (Late Intermediate Period) the Nasca increased their technological knowledge. The Nasca region is an arid one, and the Nazca developed a sophisticated irrigation system that aided in their survival for so may centuries. The Nazca Lines The Nasca are probably best known to the public for the Nazca Lines, geometric lines and animal shapes etched into the desert plain by the members of this civilization. The Nazca lines were first intensively studied by the German mathemetician Maria Reiche and have been the focus of many silly theories concerning alien landing places. Recent investigations at Nasca include the Project Nasca/Palpa, a photogrammetric study from the Deutschen Archologischen Instituts and Instituto Andino de Estudios Arqueolà ³gicos, using modern GIS methods to record the geoglyphs digitally.​ More on the Nazca: Nazca Lines, Ica Region pottery vessel Archaeological Sites: Cahuachi, Cauchilla, La Muna, Saramarca, Mollake Grande, Primavera, Montegrande, Marcaya, Sources Conlee, Christina A. 2007 Decapitation and Rebirth: A Headless Burial from Nasca, Peru.  Current Anthropology  48(3):438-453. Eerkens, Jelmer W., et al. 2008  Obsidian hydration dating on the South Coast of Peru.  Journal of Archaeological Science  35(8):2231-2239. Kellner, Corina M. and Margaret J. Schoeninger 2008  Waris imperial influence on local Nasca diet: The stable isotope evidence.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(2):226-243. Knudson, Kelly J., et al. In press  The geographic origins of Nasca trophy heads using strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  in press. Lambers, Karsten, et al. 2007  Combining photogrammetry and laser scanning for the recording and modelling of the Late Intermediate Period site of Pinchango Alto, Palpa, Peru.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34:1702-1712. Rink, W. J. and J.  Bartoll  2005  Dating the geometric Nasca lines in the Peruvian desert.  Antiquity  79(304):390-401. Silverman, Helaine and David Browne 1991  New evidence for the date of the Nazca lines.  Antiquity  65:208-220. Van Gijseghem, Hendrik and Kevin J. Vaughn 2008  Regional integration and the built environment in middle-range societies: Paracas and early Nasca houses and communities.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(1):111-130. Vaughn, Kevin J. 2004  Households, Crafts, and Feasting in the Ancient Andes: The Village Context of Early Nasca Craft Consumption.  Latin  American Antiquity  15(1):61-88. Vaughn, Kevin J., Christina A. Conlee, Hector Neff, and Katharina Schreiber 2006  Ceramic production in ancient Nasca: provenance analysis of pottery from the Early Nasca and  Tiza  cultures through INAA.  Journal of Archaeological Science  33:681-689. Vaughn, Kevin J. and Hendrik Van Gijseghem 2007  A compositional perspective on the origins of the â€Å"Nasca cult† at Cahuachi.  Journal of Archaeological Science  34(5):814-822.

Myeloproliferative Disorders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Myeloproliferative Disorders - Essay Example In 2005, similarity in the major disease groups of MPDs got some explanation when Janus Kinase 2 V617F (JAK2- V617F) which in fact represents a G to T somatic mutation of JAK2 at nucleotide 1849, in exon 14, which eventually end up in the substitution of valine to phenylalanine at codon 617 (Tefferi 2006). Apparently, it seems that all group members of MPDs contain JAK2-V617F in equal proportion in all patients, persistently; which raises the question of capturing all disorders in the group through a single mutation, how is it possible But this is not the case! In fact, various diseases of the group carry this mutation in their genetic materials with different proportions in different patients; moreover, these diseases do not constantly carry this mutation as a universal principle. ... Various researchers have got the evidence to describe that the proportion of the patients with one of the three diseases of MPDs carry JAK2-V617F in different proportions and among these diseases PV is the disease which carries it to the maximum level. According to Tefferi (Tefferi 2006), almost all patients with PV carry the mutation while in the remaining two diseases, ET and IM, about half of the patients each in the two groups carry JAK2-V617F. While Jones et al (Jones 2005) gave could capture lower frequency of the mutation in these diseases, like: 81 percent of the patients with PV could show JAK2-V617F, 43 percent with IM and 41 percent with ET were able to reflect the mutated genetic material. This non-consistent behaviour of the mutated genetic material demands some further exploration in this area. One possible explanation in the favour of single mutation with multiple diseases still exists and which is related to sensitivity and specificity of the tests capturing the findings, which support JAK2-V617F. There are chances that mutation is present in the disease groups belonging to MPDs but the available tests are not efficient enough to detect that. For this answer we need to wait for the availability of refined testing system. At the same time it seems obvious that some other mechanisms are also operating in differentiating the progenitor to different diseases. Whether these mechanisms are timed before, after or at the same time as the mutation develops; it is to be answered. Jamieson et al (Jamieson 2006) found through their study that: in samples of PV patients, the cells with haematopoietic stem cells phenotype produced JAK2-V617F which in

Federal Constitution in US Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federal Constitution in US - Coursework Example In doing this, the federal constitution creates a balance of power between States and federal constitution. That is something that the state constitution could achieve for the federal government. State constitution is unable to define how a federal officer could act or behave. In addition, there could be conflicts and chaos as 50 States in the US would create 50 distinct sets of rules for the government to follow. It is possible that the US could have survived without a written constitution with all powers remaining in its 50 States. In this regard, the US government could have served as a place for the States to monitor and coordinate their policies. However, such a feeble link and association between the States would not have been workable since it would have caused many chaos and disputes between the States as the States had serious conflicts and disputes over the territories, commerce disputes, and land use conflicts. The US federal government, under its powers States in the cons titution keeps all States united, peaceful, and working together even if at times they are not happy about some policies that the government implements. It would have been very hard for the US to hang on and survive without a formal written constitution because the constitution gives the country stability and a way of discussing and resolving their disputes given that there are many States in the US. It is worth noting that constitution is not a static document thus it is flexible and open to changes with identification of faults and need of changing times. In this manner, written constitution aided in settling differences among States and reaching consensus among warring groups. In addition, the written constitution helped the US in balancing the power between the States and federal government thus binding all the 50 States in one nation. 2. Why shouldn’t the Constitution include an overall criminal code specifying crimes and punishments that could apply throughout the Unite d States? Most criminal policies and laws are formed by States in the US and the federal constitution was written as a guide for federal government. Therefore, penal codes are very lengthy in that they cover many things from standards such as murder and larceny to practicising clinics without a license. In addition, penal codes deal with traffic laws and by the time the constitution was enacted, there were no cars nor were there computers or credit cards. The constitution gave legislative powers to congress to tackle problems as they arose instead of assuming that the drafters of the constitution could anticipate the future and all tribulation that would come up in future. Furthermore, the constitution is enacted to protect rights of individuals and place limits on the authority or powers of the federal government. Listing punishments and crimes in the constitution would load it up with many specifics and hence infringe on the work of the judiciary and legislature, who are mandated to determine such matters. 3. Why is society considered the victim of a crime rather than the individual victimized? Criminal law considers society the victim because when an individual commits the crime, the behavior affects the society. For instance, if the society’s security is upset, all members of the community are considered victims. People need laws to identify what action is acceptable and to be able to deal with people who do not follow the law.

George Walker Bush Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

George Walker Bush Leadership Style Essay Barbara and George H. W. Bush are the parents of the 43rd president of the United Sates, George W. Bush. The two were married on January 6th, 1945 and it was said that they experienced love at first sight when meeting. George Bush Sr. was 17 when married, and Barbara was 16. The two have lived in 29 homes located in 17 cities, and is the first presidential couple to reach 60 years of marriage. Barbara’s background includes working a summer job sorting nuts and bolts during World War II as well as working at the Yale Coup while her husband was attending the college, and until her first child was born. She is the second woman in history to have both a son and husband serve as president of the United States. George H. W. Bush served as the 41st president, as well as numerous other positions within our government. Some of these include vice-president to Ronald Reagan, director of the CIA, congressman, ambassador to the United Nations, and chairman of the Republican National Committee. Besides these governmental positions he was also a pilot in the navy as well as an oil businessman in Texas. George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut. He was the oldest of his five other siblings: Pauline (Robin), John Ellis (Jeb), Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy (Doro). George’s sister Robin died at the age of three from leukemia when George was only seven years old. His brother Jeb would also go on to become the 43rd governor of Florida. In 1948, George Sr. and Barbara moved the family to Midland, Texas, where H. W. would make his fortune in the oil business. George attended private school in Massachusetts where he was a great athlete in baseball, football, and basketball. He was good in school, but was also known for being a bit of a troublemaker. He went on to be accepted to Yale University where he was the president of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, played rugby, and was a member of the secretive Skull and Bones society. Two weeks before graduation George enlisted in the Texas National Guard. Although there is a lot of speculation as to whether or not he completely fulfilled his duty, he was honorably discharged in 1974. In 1977, Bush met Laura Welch and married her after only three months. The couple has two children together, twins Jenna and Barbara. Family is huge to George, and he attributes Laura for stabilizing his life and helping him to give up alcohol in 1986. As for George W. Bush’s leadership style, many things through his life have affected how he chooses to lead. In 1978 he lost in an election for a House of Representatives seat in Texas, which helped him to humble himself and realize that things would not be given to him just because of his father. He helped with his father’s presidential campaign in the year 1988, and this helped him to learn the ins and outs of campaigns as well as doing the dirty work required of such a position. After this, George bought a share of the Texas Rangers baseball team and served as managing general partner for five years, where he learned how a business works and runs. He became governor of Texas in 1995 and served until 2000, when he won the presidential election on the republican ticket. He served two terms as president, and dealt with disasters such as Hurricane Katrina and September 11th. George has been quoted speaking about Katrina saying, â€Å"Throughout the area hit by the hurricane, we will do what it takes, we will stay as long as it takes, go help citizens rebuild their communities and their lives†. George W. Bush’s leadership style can be described as problem solver, delegator, decisive, visionary, and composed. He was a problem solver because he believed that getting problems solved right when they needed to be was key, and did not push them off until the next person came around to fix it. As for delegator, Bush was good at knowing when it was his place to get something done, or when he should let someone else take over the job for him. George was a decisive leader in that he made tough decisions throughout his presidency, but always did what he believed was best for our country. Visionary is one way to describe his leadership style seeing as he had a clear vision set out at the beginning of his presidency for how he wanted our country to run, and this is something that he is known quite well for. Lastly, during Bush’s presidency he had to lead our country through two terrible incidents. Through all of this, he was able to maintain his composure and remain an effective leader through tough times, which shows his composure as a leader. One of the things that George W. Bush is most well known for would be his speech that he gave at the sight of ground zero a few days after 9/11. I can hear you; the rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked down these buildings will hear all of us soon. † I believe that this quote from him helps to show all of the different leadership styles that he exhibited throughout his stint as governor of Texas as well as president of the United States. Nowadays, you can find George spending time with his wife Barbara on his ranch in Texas. He recently wrote his book, â€Å"Decision Points† and had a library put up in his name on the Southern Methodist University in the great state of Texas.

Legal issues :: essays research papers

ESSAY. The Constitutional system in Australia determines how the law is made. Some issues addressed by this are; The Federal government, division of powers, the separation of powers, amending the constitution, the high court and the constitution and transfer of powers. The federal System of government has one central government deal with matters involving the whole nation. This system was adopted in Australia on 1 January 1901.In a federal system of Government there must be a division of powers. Powers are divided between the states and federal government. The powers divided are legislative, executive and judicial powers. These are divided by the Australian constitution. The constitution provides for four types of legislative powers; Specific powers: areas of law making specifically mentioned in the constitution as belonging to the Federal government, Residual powers: powers that the states retained after federation, these are not mentioned in the constitution but became the states powers. Concurrent powers: areas over which the states and commonwealth have legislative power. Exclusive powers: areas over which the federal government has exclusive power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Separation of powers means that power is distributed between three arms of government. The three arms are; legislature, executive and judiciary. The judiciary is separated from the legislature and the executive, because of this it is independent and can examine their actions without bias. The legislature is separated from the judiciary and executive powers, because of this it is independent, providing for some rights which cannot be taken away by legislation and this allows provides for regular elections. The executive powers, there is no true separation between these two arm, because the British require that members form the executive arm be chosen from the legislature. However the power of the executive is subject to checks and balances in other ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amending the constitution. Section 128 of the constitution provides the procedure by which the constitution may be changed. The constitution can only be changed if a bill stating the question is passed by both houses of parliament and the change is approved by referendum by the majority of people in a majority of states. It is difficult to amend the constitution because it cannot be amended like any other law; if it were then the federal government could make laws on any area it chose by amending the constitution. For example the 6 November 1999 referendum asked the Australian public ‘do you support an act to alter the constitution to establish the commonwealth of Australia as a republic, with the queen and governor general being replaced by a president appointed by two thirds majority of the members of the commonwealth parliament’.

Fiat Pushes Work Ethic at Italian Plant

Flat which accounts for the evildoer of about 15000 families In the PANGOLIN D'ART region has Its least productive plant amongst all there. This Is due to the fact of employees misusing work ethics by being absent from work, faking illness and a doctor's note for as little as a local team's soccer match. FIAT suffered tremendous losses few years prior due to reduced production and quality issues. To counter this Fiat hired Sergei Maraschino as CEO who was expected to deliver similar success under his leadership as he did for American automaker Chrysler, rescuing the brand from bankruptcy.His motivation was to safeguard Jobs by pushing workers to be more devoted in turn boosting production and which would mirror Italy's economic standpoint and GAP. HIS vision for the need of change and pushing the Italians towards similar economic security like the Scandinavians was not accepted well. Nell Angelo a factory worker stated how Serious American methods were no good In Italy, where people for generations have lived with a slow paced lifestyle Insuring flexibility for workers.He also criticized Sergei for pulling the leash on absence and fearing a similar fate as Chinese workers who committed suicide due to excessive Rockford and stress. His radical solutions forced workers to change their routines and work ethics on the promise of bringing back production of the Panda back from the Polish people, creating more Jobs and working hours. Serious idea of changing working habits in order to improve individual financial futures and as a nation lying on the verge of sinking into debt's betterment signified his approach of the utilitarian normative theory.Under this theory Serious actions on misconduct and misuse of work ethics was beneficial for him and everyone in his surroundings. His actions and sessions focused on common welfare of not only employees but also Italy as a whole. Sergei before his utilitarian approach studied all possible factors which made the problem: Ser gei concluded individual factors such as cultural and social behavior and situational factors that influenced the psyche of employees since early adulthood that lead to the ethically incorrect behavior of employees on the global market sphere.He recognized how the Italian culture was different from his American experience/background and how it was normal for Italians to skip work and misuse power. The article also made clear how employees lacked Ethics of duty towards their workplace. 2. Determination of the dilemma: Sergei after his research about the Italian work atmosphere studied the extent of damage the unethical employee behavior could have had on them, FIAT and Italy as a nation. In his mind the bigger picture displayed of Italy ending debt-ridden was severe.He as a leader took responsibility for making a turnaround and saving Jobs which were livelihood for families residing in poor areas with increasing unemployment. 3. Course of action: Sergei took note to his previous vent ures and brainstormed with other veteran FIAT employees who shared similar mindset. He also consulted reports by economists Divide Strop on how if FIAT went down, Italy would too. He studied on how he could motivate workers to increase production. 4.Considering consequences: Sergei from the beginning knew his vision and opinion would not be accepted by Italian workers. They considered him an outsider whose American-style standards would force people to commit suicides. This was the biggest hurdle for Sergei for his utilitarian approach which by many was Judged egoistic and only good for him and FIAT. 5. Implementing the solution: Sergei implemented strict measures which were stated to be FIAT's curtain drawing on a humane working life and social upbringing of the Italians.His decisions cut absenteeism from 30% to 3% within the whole FIAT brand. His rule of sending doctors to homes of sick employees and workers for genuineness and penalizing by smaller lunch breaks did the trick. 6. Analyzing results : Serried measures proved to be successful as by the end of the year 63% of the employees signed FIAT's new working ethic model and preferred keeping a Job than being unemployed.

Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins

Book Review of The Harlem Renaissance by Antonio Raglans 4/25/2010 In the book entitled â€Å"Harlem Renaissance† by Nathan Irvin Huggins a story is told about the time period before World War I and the following years in which a â€Å"Black Metropolis† was created unlike the world had ever seen. It was the largest and by far the most important black community in the world. It brought together black intellectuals from all over the world to this new â€Å"Black Mecca† with dreams of prosperity and change. Their common goal was the prosperity of the New Negro as Lain Locke called them.This New Negro was one that was cultured, educated, artistic, and would bring prosperity to the African-American. All these were the promises of the Harlem Renaissance. I think that his thesis was in the opening sentence when he talks about Harlem. When people saw Harlem, they saw opportunity, they saw a place where they could escape and enjoy artistic freedom. They saw liberation, th ey saw hope, they saw a place where confidence was in abundance. That confidence translated to the belief that reform could be attained. Sadly, Nathan Irvin Huggins points out that all they were was deceived by their ream.They all saw in Harlem much more than what was really there. A common belief was that they could use their talents as a way of bridging the gap between the races. Unfortunately racism has been so deep rooted in the white American psyche that it would take more than the New Negro proving he had artistic talent to be accepted as one and the same. Huggins also cites that their art was compromised by the fact that it was intended for white patrons and was not a full reflection of them. Another mistake they made was not organizing a grass roots movement.The black lattice leaders failed to become a unified voting force and were unable to obtain true political power needed to bring about change. Huggins writes about how the motivation of many talented Afro-Americans reloc ation to Harlem was simple; they wanted to be where their talents would reach the most people. They wanted to be in a place where their talents could be cultivated. They saw inspiration in their people and they wanted to be where their talents would be appreciated. They came to find themselves through their race in Harlem. Upon their arrival in Harlem, Huggins points out that many artists like Longboats Hughes, ZornNeal Hurst, and Claude McKay found new friends who were willing to lend a helping hand in their careers. The fact that all of these new helping hands were all white may have influenced the artistic integrity of their work. Huggins wrote â€Å"Without the help and friendship of white men and publishers, there probably would have been little production of commercial black art in the sass. But white guidance and encouragement probably prevented those few men and women of real talent from wrestling with their senses and plodding through to those statements which the Hurst of their lives and experience could force them to make† (129).Huggins goes on to mention that Black artist found it difficult if not impossible to maintain their artistic integrity because they were dependent on their white patron. They had no force or leverage in publishing houses other than the demand of their white patrons. If they were to create something to critical they would run the risk of losing the white patrons as well as the white benefactors. Huggins backs his observation with the story of the Park Avenue Matron that at one time supported Zorn Neal Hurst, Louise Thompson, and Longboats Hughes. She at one time or another supported them financially as well as helping them get published.Huggins mentions how she spared no expense on Hughes. She provided financial freedom for him to write as well as a driver to take him anywhere he wanted. Hughes felt a genuine appreciation for her because like many other Afro- Americans like him he never had anybody that cared so much f or him and for his talent. The fact that it was a white woman nurturing his talent led to some clashes and the eventual dissolution of their relationship. Huggins writes of the time Hughes rote a poem with a very radical message that his benefactor did not like, which lead him to question where this relationship would take his work.Huggins wrote â€Å"When Hughes showed his patron this poem, He knew she did not like it. â€Å"Its not you †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Let's a powerful poem but its not you† Who was he? Wasn't that the problem? Who was to decide? Who was to know? † (135). This quote proves that these white benefactors gave their opinion and influenced black artist's works. One of the early contributors of white interest in black intellectuals was a man by the name of Carl Van Bechtel. He counted numerous black artists as his friends. He was responsible for popularizing â€Å"Black Art. † He through his connections allowed people like Longboats Hughes to e nter the white mainstream.He also cultivated and encouraged numerous other young artists and similarly launched numerous careers. It was his fascination with the exotic and primitive as Huggins put it that sparked his slumming trips uptown into Harlem. That incredible rush he felt allowed him to bring many prominent white patrons back to Harlem. His popularization began the golden era called the Harlem Renaissance. Huggins called him â€Å"The undisputed Prince of Harlem. † Huggins also mentions that the fact that there were so many different types of Afro- Americans in Harlem it prevented the unification of a desired voting block.Huggins points out that there was in-race racism between light skinned blacks, blacks from the south, and blacks from the Caribbean with relates to much of the racism issues discussed throughout our class. They all were supposed to unite and together fight for reform. All this made consistent leadership impossible. The black political leaders found it impossible to unite them all. The only one who was successful according to Huggins was Marcus Graver because he stayed away from political agendas. He preached escape and managed to capture the imagination of the black people in Harlem.But his lack of a business sense and his own megalomania caused his attempts to flounder. None of them addressed the Negro problems but instead they wanted to quickly erase the view of a black person in chains and make everyone aware that they were more than Just manual laborers. This lack of focus prevented Negro leadership from obtaining true success. As I mentioned that black wanted to obtain true success and be viewed as different workers besides manual, I feel that it connects with our conferences about African-Americans wanting to do more for their country during the World Wars.Another problem Huggins presents with the black political leaders philosophy was that they addressed racism as a moral problem. They employed muckraking journalist tac tics of exposing injustices and racism. Huggins states â€Å"The assumption was that the moral weight of good would win once evil was exposed. The unreason, the illogic the craven corruption that barred blacks from a fair chance in society could not stand, for men of good will under the harsh light of good reason† (27). This propaganda proved to be unsuccessful since it brought no significant change.As Huggins finally put it â€Å"What good would it do to expose President Willow's racism? Even if he read it he had a self-righteousness that was a match for any other progressive. All of that did not matter† (30). Both of these quotes prove Huggins point that the way black political leaders approached their reform attempts were misguided. As he put it, it did not matter the scathing criticism leaders like W. E. B. Dubos made in their editorials on black injustices it would not bring about any serious change. Unlike child labor and other topics of muckraking exposing them would not be enough to eradicate them.Huggins effectively proved to me that these white benefactors and white patrons influenced the work of black artist. Who knows what tone their works would have taken if they where liberated from white influences. Maybe they would have been razor sharp criticism like W. E. B. Dubos editorials. Unfortunately no one would ever know. As far as their failed attempt at reform he showed some of the mistakes they add but also mentioned that they laid the foundation for a civil rights movement that eventually brought about social change that these Harlem intellectuals promised.In a book review from Amazon. Com a reviewer mention that: â€Å"More than any other period, it was during the Harlem renaissance in which the black community came of age culturally and came together as one united front against racism using cultural tools and its intellectual power and substance on par with its white counterparts. Against all odds, they created a cultural oasis ri ght in the diddle of a sea of white hatred and racial recrimination.This flowering was something that was not only unexpected and shocking to the sensibilities of most whites, but shocking also to many blacks outside of New York, around the countryside. And although the flowering occurred across the board, its clearest expression took place in literature, art and music, which itself later was to become America's transformation art form. † Another scholarly source that I found from ASTOR by Robber Solar of _ The Journal of American History_ found that Huggins book was â€Å"disarmingly simple and exceedingly ample. Solar went on explaining that the Harlem Renaissance was a Negro self- creation, and it was created in a place(Harlem) of sense and had become an urban â€Å"Mecca† where diversity, talent and energy would change the black persona. One last review that I found on ASTOR from Charles Davis of _American Literature_ stated that Huggins book was not the first full study assessment of black artists and of their intellectual and cultural efforts in the decade following the first World War. Of course Huggins can not provide a full assessment during that time period which could confuse readers if you look at it from that point of view.I think that the first two reviews are in line with what I have been discussing through the whole review. During that era, African-Americans were struggling for freedom in the middle of a land full of hatred and racism. African-Americans wanted more freedom and it expressing it in various of categories such as art or music really helped freedom for blacks in today's society. The Authors sources are documented correctly. Book Review Huggins, Irvin, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance: Oxford University Press, New York, 1971

Should we eat meat Essays

Should we eat meat Essays Should we eat meat Essay Should we eat meat Essay Essay Topic: Vegetarian The moral argument of animal rights has been discussed for decades. There are many types of cruelty to animals, including vivisection and animal testing, eating meat, hunting and farming. Campaigners risk their lives to protect animals, but some people are totally opposed to the idea of rights for them. Although more than 25% of the British population does not think eating meat is safe or healthy, only 4. 5% actually avoid it. The arguments for vegetarianism include cruelty, health matters and taste. But there are almost as many good arguments against it for the same type of reasons. What is vegetarianism? The dictionary definition is someone who does not eat meat. However, millions of people would claim that they are vegetarians or veggies but still eat poultry, seafood and use animal based or tested products. Tere are a handful (4%) of vegetarians that do abide by all the rules. These are generally called vegans, and do not use any animals related products. This includes leather, milk and obviously meat. Avoiding meat is a lot harder than one may think. Many types of pasta, for instance, contain egg, which is from a chicken. All dairy produce derives from animal milk; meaning they cannot, or will not, eat yoghurt, cheese or butter. But doesnt this just inconvenience themselves as well as others? Apparently not. Most people become vegetarian because they believe it is wrong to slaughter animals. The Vegetarian Society. This is a true point, most people believe it is not at all acceptable to kill an animal for food. But they believe it is right to slaughter an animal to find a cure for disease, or to kill an animal for its skin. What I am trying to say is, if you are going to not eat meat for one reason then you might as well at least think of another reason. Animals used in laboratories are worse kept than any farm animal, so why do they believe this is right? Because it is not directly affecting the people. They see meat in shops, and think of the animals being slaughtered. But when they see a cured person walk out of a hospital, or they find their headache has stopped after taking aspirin, they do not see a mouse with growths on its legs dead in a bin. I am trying to say that there is no point in just not eating meat, this is not going to help stop cruelty to animals. In fact, vegetarians alone are not doing any good at all. As Carla Lane, a writer and animal welfare campaigner, said,Its no good crying out against the [calf export] trade if you are going to have milk. She is a vegetarian. Many communities live on meat. The Massai tribe of Africa is a good example of this, as in drought seasons they thrive on every part of the cow. After milking, the cow is slaughtered, then the tribe eat the meat and use the milk and blood together as a beverage. The bones are used to build structures and houses. They seem to find nothing wrong with this; the word barbaric does not enter their minds as this is their only means of food, especially if the crops are not growing well. The cow is considered sacred in these parts of Africa, but still eaten. 2% of the British population eat meat more than five times a week, according to a 1998 poll. This means that although some people will refuse to eat meat, the traditional approach to Meat and two veg is still kept up in most households. In the same poll, 86% of people still have the custom Sunday dinner with chicken, lamb or beef. If vegetarian campaigners were to have their own way and stop the world from eating meat, not only would many people starve, but a considerable amount of workers would go out of business: Butchers shops are found on many a high street. This traditional method of buying meat is preferred by lots of people who believe that the best cuts of meat available are from an independent business. This is probably true, as many supermarkets have now branched out and include meat counters. The meat is generally mass produced from abattoirs, and each piece is not always taken so much care over to ensure the best quality. If all the butchers shops and counters were closed down, every single worker and skilled slaughterer would be out of a job. Abattoirs are huge warehouses that slaughter and treat meat before it is sent to a butcher. Even smaller abattoirs have at least 24 workers each. Farmers are the other large group of people that would lose jobs or even businesses. Many make their livings from selling eggs, milk, cheese and skins from their livestock, and selling the actual animals at markets and fairs. The stoppage of meat eating might even put some EHOs out of a job if they didnt have enough food complaints about meat and animal products. The promotion of vegetarianism in the media is more than expected after research. There are over 200 national organisations which campaign for animal rights, and numerous international groups. These are publicised by the media and supported by a number of celebrities. Celebrities with strong opinions cleverly make use of the fact that the press hang on to every word they say. Vegetarian celebrities make the most of their fame and try to convert others by preaching about their ideas. This is, in a way, negative as many meat eating parents may have children who look up to these personalities and want to be like them. Paul, Linda and Stella McCartney, Mark Owen and Tony Blackburn are all popular vegetarian icons. Their faces are plastered all over the front of every vegetarian magazine in the country. I cannot see how this helps the animals but they get paid a lot. An amusing aspect was included in resources sent to me from The Vegetarian Society, stressing the point in a child-friendly leaflet that the Teletubbies were vegetarian. It brings to mind four coloured creatures dancing and singing, Tubby-Tofu. They must have been desperate for names if they included fictional characters from an early morning infantile television show. It is basically becoming fashionable to not eat meat. There are no popstars or TV personalities that are actively working against vegetarians. Every single resource that I have been sent from vegetarian societies and organisations has been promoting vegetarianism in a good light. After numerous searches through post and internet, I have found that there is not one group actively working AGAINST vegetarianism. If there is then they have not promoted themselves very well because I havent found them. It seems that there are so many arguments against the consuming of meat that nobody has the heart to argue for it. I, Katherine E Mann, have decided to try and prove these people wrong. I have come to a conclusion that for every opinion in the world, there must be one against it, no matter how wrong or politically incorrect it may be. The arguments for vegetarianism are interesting, as many leaflets offer practical help for vegetarian dieting instead of trying to convince people how right they are. The BSE scare has put more people than ever off eating meat. It isnt just beef that some people have been avoiding, its other meats as well. They call this, A precaution. Why? I ask. There had been traces of BSE in very few lambs, but thats no reason to stop eating meat altogether. I found many quotes whilst studying this topic, both for and against vegetarianism. There were over 40% more quotes urging me to stop eating meat though. One particular point against vegetarianism that was put over was: I am at a loss to see how vegetarians would maintain their food supplies without the millions of tons of shit produced by the overwintering of beasts. Alan Owen. Mr Owen is a part time farmer, so he knows what he is talking about. It is a good point, that if we do stop breeding so many animals for meat, there will not be so much manure to nurture the crops which the vegetarians would eat. So, by not breeding the animals, we are stunting the growth of millions of plants which vegetarians would in turn want to eat. But what does a vegetarian have to offer to contradict this? We can keep the animals, but just not breed them for food. But then, surely, wouldnt the world be over populated with animals? Britain itself is very crowded, it would make it ten times worse to keep every animal we bred. We would have to find somewhere to put them all. But you find somewhere to put all the people, says the vegetarian. We dont though, not all of them. If she were to go homeless now, I suggest, wouldnt she prefer to have a house built for her by the council instead of having to live on the streets because there were animals on all the land they could possibly build on? The vegetarian goes quiet. I have found that this point wins the argument for this particular part of the discussion. Another argument is that it takes half as much land to grow crops for vegetarians than it does to keep animals. Two points contradict this: Firstly, where would all the animals be kept whilst still alive and not being bred? Secondly, once all the land was used for growing crops for vegetarians, there wouldnt be enough of it. Especially if everyone in the world stopped eating meat, there would be more than 150% of the land in use if possible. But this isnt possible. Following the discussion with The Vegetarian (she isnt meant to sound like an alien), I have decided to examine meat eaters opinions of vegetarians, and vegetarians opinions of meat eaters. Vegetarians generally dont see eye to eye with meat eaters on this topic. They do have more arguments, the word moral being frequently used. But are they necessarily right? Obviously, the meat eaters say No, and the vegetarians say, Yes. Vegetarians often see people that eat meat as people that would gladly kill an animal, have no conscience, dislike animals apart from for food, and barbaric. However, only very few meat eaters are actually like this. I have never met one. They do not generally like the idea of killing an animal, they do care about it and most usually like animals. But the vegetarians say that if they do care, why do they eat meat? Well it tastes good, humans have been eating it for millenniums, it is widely available, it is a healthy part of a staple diet But a meat eaters opinion of a vegetarian is usually one of two things. Firstly, a very thin person who does not eat any meat at all and every meal time consists of a carrot. Secondly, a person who will only eat the vegetarian option if they decide not to like the normal option. They will eat some meat, and eat meat if its the only thing available. Hypocrites? But they are not necessarily hypocrites, they just have opinions. If they chose not to eat meat, why shouldnt they? People chose to wear different clothes and worship different gods. This is OK for most people, they understand it. But when meat eaters start to dislike it is when the vegetarians call them cannibals, or barbarians. If it inconveniences people organising buffets or meals, then that is where it can get annoying. How would you like it if nobody had mentioned to you that a guest to your party was vegetarian and you were having a pure meat barbecue? Fortunately, many people ask if their guests have special dietary requirements nowadays. But still, why should we cook special foods for them? If most people are eating one thing, why cant they just go with the flow and join in? They can go back to vegetarianism the next day. If a family of four had bought a box of four lamb chops and one person was vegetarian, what would happen? I commented on this to someone, who kindly put it into practice. The vegetarian wouldnt eat the meat, but there was still a chop left. This chop couldnt be eaten by the other people because they had their own, so it was just thrown away. If it was going to be thrown out, they could have eaten it anyway. No difference made. The vegetarian claimed it was against her rights. Is the vegetarian option more healthy than meat? Most research shows, yes it is healthier. This is where the vegetarians point and laugh, and the meat eaters kick themselves. Meat is a valuable source of protein. But, a vegetarian diet can reduce levels of cholesterol, plus keep up levels of protein and iron. A point put across in a Viva! Leaflet was that vegetarians were no more likely to suffer anaemia than meat eaters. So? We wouldnt expect them to. The page also stated that zinc levels are normal in vegetarians. Nobody would even dream of thinking otherwise if they had any idea of becoming a vegetarian, or they shouldnt bother. It is a scientific fact that vegetarians are half as likely to suffer from cancer, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes and strokes. There is no argument against this. The same leaflet also pointed out that 95% of all food poisoning comes from animal and meat products. According to Pauline Kirby, an EHO from Sutton Council, the figures most probably arent that high. Many of the cases are actually from animal products like eggs, but all are because the people preparing the food dont work hygienically enough. If people could be bothered to cook their foods properly then there would be no cases of food poisoning from meat products. Saying this though, the world as a whole is getting lazier when it comes to food. The vast range of ready cooked meals in supermarkets is a good example of this. Many people just do not have the time to cook themselves a meal every night, and meat needs slightly more preparation than other foods as it is very high risk. People say that vegetarians find it easier to cook using no meat. I can verify that this is not always true, after extensive research. I have watched a vegan prepare tofu and cannot see how this is simpler than meat. Tofu is, admittedly, a lower risk food than any meat, but when treated and cooked properly with no extra effort meat is perfectly fine. Tofu. Most people have heard of it, but how many know what it is? After a brief questionnaire around my classmates at school, 9 out of 46 people knew what it actually was. Most people knew that it was a vegetarian alternative to some foods, but 6 of the 9 people that knew were actually vegetarians themselves. I have found that tofu was invented in Japan and quickly spread to the rest of the world. It is vegetable protein, and hardly contains any fat at all. The good point about meat is that it looks reasonable even when its not dressed up or with anything. Most people love the look and smell of freshly cooked meat and it is universally recognised. Tofu, on the other hand, needs lots of preparation for it to appeal. Apparently the taste on its own is disgusting, but there are numerous books and websites of recipes for tofu. It can be fried, stewed, marinated, anything the consumer wants. When I asked for an opinion from a strict vegetarian on what tofu looked like, it was compared to, A soggy sponge. Would you like to eat something that looked like a soggy sponge for your dinner? This description says it all. I have taken the liberty of including a picture of some tofu (pictures are surprisingly hard to come by) and a picture of a sponge to illustrate my point: From all these points and views, reasons and arguments put together, I have concluded that there are so many arguments for and against vegetarianism that most people find it easy to choose a side. Most people choose to be for it, but still eat meat. Personally, I like eating meat and am not considering stopping for the sake of the Teletubbies, hysterical animal rights activists and cute little furry creatures with hearts and feelings. I find the fact that vegetarians lecture people about eating meat when most of them have been cruel in another way to someone or something else dull and rambling. Humans have been eating meat for thousands of years why stop now? It would only break traditions. I know we dont need to eat meat anymore because of all the alternatives, but then again we dont need to buy designer clothes when car boot sales sell old ones. But we do. Why dont we eat cats or dogs? It would be an interesting concept. As for changes my opinions as a result of this project, it has only made my feelings stronger towards meat eating. Whilst petting my cat I am now going to eat a steak.